Resources

This paper is an early experimental study of the effects of vote-by-mail elections. Using individual voter data from California, the authors find that as-if random assignment of voters to cast mail ballots reduces turnout in state elections, although they do find positive turnout effect for special local elections.

An early assessment of the growing trend of states expanding the use of absentee and early in-person voting in elections.

A foundational study of the early consequences of all vote-by-mail elections. This paper studies individual-level voter turnout data in Oregon and concludes that all vote-by-mail elections increase turnout by retaining voters in the electorate, rather than by allowing more low-propensity voters to participate.

Authors examine the question of whether or not conducting elections entirely through the mail rather than at the traditional polling place increases participation. Using election data from Oregon, the authors examine whether mail-based elections increase turnout in both local and statewide elections. The paper uses precinct-level data merged with census data. It finds that, while all-mail elections tend to produce higher turnout, the most significant increases occur in low-stimulus elections, such as local elections or primaries, where turnout is usually low. The increase in turnout, however, is not uniform across demographic groups. Voting only by mail is likely to increase turnout among those who are already predisposed to vote, such as those with higher socioeconomic status. This is one of the early foundational studies of voting by mail.

Use this tool to estimate how long it takes voters to mark a ballot.